{"id":25,"date":"2015-08-28T23:09:29","date_gmt":"2015-08-29T06:09:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/?page_id=25"},"modified":"2026-03-18T12:07:16","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T19:07:16","slug":"xray_facilities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/xray_facilities\/","title":{"rendered":"X-ray Facilities"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--single\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Synchrotron X-ray Facilities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/als.lbl.gov\/\">Advanced Light Source at Berkeley National Laboratory<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"792\" height=\"429\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2016\/02\/IMG_9730-1-e1455824742189-792x429.jpg\" alt=\"Group photo.\" class=\"wp-image-193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2016\/02\/IMG_9730-1-e1455824742189-792x429.jpg 792w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2016\/02\/IMG_9730-1-e1455824742189-396x215.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2016\/02\/IMG_9730-1-e1455824742189-768x416.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2016\/02\/IMG_9730-1-e1455824742189-990x536.jpg 990w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2016\/02\/IMG_9730-1-e1455824742189-1188x644.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/xrays\/#STXM\">Beamline 5.3.2 Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/xrays\/\">Beamline 6.3.2 Resonant Soft X-ray Reflectivity (R-SoXR)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/xrays\/#GIWAXS\">Beamline 7.3.3 Grazing Incidence Small and Wide Angle Scattering (Hard X-ray)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/xrays\/#RSOXS\">Beamline 11.0.1.2 Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (R-SoXS)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.synchrotron.org.au\/\">The Australian Synchrotron<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"396\" height=\"223\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2017\/10\/AUS_SoftXray_Thomas-396x223.jpg\" alt=\"Lab equipment.\" class=\"wp-image-388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2017\/10\/AUS_SoftXray_Thomas-396x223.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2017\/10\/AUS_SoftXray_Thomas-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2017\/10\/AUS_SoftXray_Thomas-792x446.jpg 792w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2017\/10\/AUS_SoftXray_Thomas-990x557.jpg 990w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2017\/10\/AUS_SoftXray_Thomas-1188x668.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"565\" height=\"198\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/NEXAFS.png\" alt=\"Concept of NEXAFS.\" class=\"wp-image-26\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/NEXAFS.png 565w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/NEXAFS-396x139.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Concept of NEXAFS<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the X-ray is tuned to the carbon\u2019s (or other element\u2019s) K-absorption edge, an electron absorbs the energy and is promoted to a higher molecular orbital.&nbsp; This occurs at precise energies that depend on the molecule\u2019s bonding arrangments.&nbsp; Thus fine resonances occur in the molecule\u2019s absorption spectra in a pattern that is specific to each molecule.&nbsp;This allows for the easy identification of the molecules in a composite such that one can extract precise composition through fitting analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"339\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/NEXAFS_Fit.png\" alt=\"NEXAFS Fitting Analysis.\" class=\"wp-image-27\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>NEXAFS Fitting Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM)<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"318\" height=\"157\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/STXM.png\" alt=\"Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM).\" class=\"wp-image-28\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Similar to a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM). This microscope focuses the X-ray beam down to &lt;50 nm and scans the sample, monitoring the transmitted beam.&nbsp; If each image is acquired at several energies across an absorption edge in the style of NEXAFS, quantitative composition maps can be obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"605\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/STXM_Analysis.png\" alt=\"STXM Composition Analysis\" class=\"wp-image-29\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/STXM_Analysis.png 605w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/STXM_Analysis-396x164.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>STXM Composition Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (R-SoXS)<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"624\" height=\"201\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/RsoSX.png\" alt=\"R-SoXS Setup &amp; Data.\" class=\"wp-image-30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/RsoSX.png 624w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/RsoSX-396x128.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>R-SoXS Setup &amp; Data<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently this technique is conducted in transmission mode similar to Small Angle X-ray\/Neutron Scattering (SAXS\/SANS), using a large collimated beam and CCD detector. By tuning the X-ray energy to a resonance, film domain structure is revealed.&nbsp; Off-resonance, the scattering pattern comes primarily from density differences such as surface roughness or voids\/porosity.&nbsp; In multi-component composites, domains can be identified through hyperspectral measurement of the scattering pattern across an absorption edge.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"525\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/Anisotropic_Scat.png\" alt=\"An origin of Polarization-Induced Scattering Anisotropy (PISA).\" class=\"wp-image-32\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/Anisotropic_Scat.png 525w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/Anisotropic_Scat-396x238.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>An origin of Polarization-Induced Scattering Anisotropy (PISA)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using polarized X-rays, often the scattering patterns from isotropic films become anisotropic at the absorption edge.&nbsp; This is due to the dipolar nature of the transitions associated with absorption. If there is bond or molecular alignment at interfaces within the sample, then anisotropic scattering patterns can emerge. This polarization-induced scattering anisotropy (PISA) can be useful in extracting such ordering information from within the bulk of pure or composite organic films.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (GIWAXS)<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"495\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/GIWAXS.png\" alt=\"GIWAXS setup and data\" class=\"wp-image-33\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/GIWAXS.png 495w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-labs\/uploads\/sites\/945\/2015\/08\/GIWAXS-396x186.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">GIWAXS setup and data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GIWAXS is primarily a diffraction technique to measure the crystalline characteristics of these semicrystalline materials.&nbsp; The technique is sometimes referred to as Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXD).&nbsp; If the molecules pack with sufficient regularity, they will diffract and properties such as crystal orientation, size, population, and disorder can be extracted from these data.&nbsp; Certain crystalline characteristics can often be correlated with charge transport in these materials.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1474,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"categories":[],"tags":[],"wsuwp_university_location":[],"wsuwp_university_org":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1474"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2002,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions\/2002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"wsuwp_university_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wsuwp_university_location?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"wsuwp_university_org","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/carbon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wsuwp_university_org?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}