{"id":293,"date":"2021-05-10T08:07:58","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T15:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/?page_id=293"},"modified":"2023-06-28T04:39:29","modified_gmt":"2023-06-28T11:39:29","slug":"a1-logical-appeals-claim-evidence-warrant","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/sample-page\/a1-logical-appeals-claim-evidence-warrant\/","title":{"rendered":"A1: Logical Appeals (Claim-Evidence-Warrant)"},"content":{"rendered":"<br \/>\n<section id=\"builder-section-1622050219469\" class=\"row single gutter pad-top\">\n<div style=\"\" class=\"column one \">\n<div class=\"module\">\n<p><button><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2621\/2021\/05\/A-1LOG.pdf\">Download A1 Module<\/a><\/button><\/p>\n<p><strong>The most updated lab writing instructional modules are available: <a href=\"http:\/\/engineeringlabwriting.org\">engineeringlabwriting.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<p>This module is designed to assist engineering instructors in strengthening lab instruction materials so that students should be able to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Describe why engineers\u2019 appeals should be logical (logos) and ethical (ethos).<\/li>\n<li>Define the three parts of a logical appeal: claim, evidence, and warrant (reasoning).<\/li>\n<li>Use the logical appeal when analyzing and interpreting lab data.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"builder-section-1622050350181\" class=\"row single gutter pad-top\">\n<div style=\"\" class=\"column one \">\n<div class=\"module\">\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Why Should Students Care About Rhetorical Strategies When Writing Engineering Lab Reports?<\/p>\n<div class=\"questionText\">\n<p>Typically, the audience aims to learn a student\u2019s thoughts through reading lab data analysis and interpretation results. They want to read the student\u2019s main ideas or how the student applies technical meaning to the lab data. Therefore, lab report writers need to make their own points or claims based on the factual lab data as the primary source and supported by secondary sources (outside references).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"builder-section-1622050409036\" class=\"row single gutter pad-top\">\n<div style=\"\" class=\"column one \">\n<div class=\"questionText\">\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Opinion vs. Claim in Engineering Lab Reports<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>No personal opinions:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe lab report audience is not interested in students\u2019 personal opinions about lab data. Opinions, which can be defined as views or judgments formed about something, are not necessarily based on \u201cfact\u201d or \u201cknowledge.\u201d The following sentences from lab reports can be opinions, which technical audience is difficult to agree: \u201cThis lab was unsuccessful.\u201d \u201cI think the lab data are reasonable.\u201d \u201cIn my understanding, sample A is better than sample B.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Make claims based on lab data-factual evidences:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn contrast, claims can \u201cconvince\u201d your points or deliverables to the lab report audience who may or may not agree. Claims are statements about what is true or about what should be done. Therefore, good claims provide the main argument of a lab report. A claim must be specific and convincible; therefore, the writers\u2019 claims should be supported by evidence (lab data, existing theories, data\/knowledge from outside sources, engineering principles, etc.), which the audience can trust. The following sentences from lab reports can be sound claims: \u201cA 1045 steel sample is stronger than a 1020 steel sample because of its 20% higher yield strength and 15% higher ultimate tensile strength.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"builder-section-1622050537302\" class=\"row single gutter pad-top\">\n<div style=\"\" class=\"column one \">\n<div class=\"questionText\">\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Out of the Three (Logical, Ethical, and Emotional) Appeals of Argument, Which One do Engineers Mostly Use in Report?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4>Use logical appeals:<\/h4>\n<p>Strong arguments have a balance of all three argumentative appeals: logical(logos), ethical(ethos), and emotional(pathos). However, engineers, typically, do not value emotional appeals because lab reports aim to deliver factual, credible, but impersonal technical information to the audience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Claim-Evidence-Warrant: Three Parts of a Logical Appeal:<\/p>\n<p>The lab data from Table 1 show the average hardness of 1008 steel coupons is 85 HRB while that of 1045 steel is 99 HRB.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Claim<\/th>\n<th>Data (Evidence)<\/th>\n<th>Warrant (Reasoning)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Definition<\/th>\n<td>An answer (or a finding) to the problem you defined or investigated.<\/td>\n<td>Lab data used to support the claim.<\/td>\n<td>Connecting the claim (the writer\u2019s point) and the evidence (the lab data) logically using engineering principles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Example sentence<\/th>\n<td>1045 medium carbon steel is harder than 1008 low carbon steel at the room temperature.<\/td>\n<td>The lab data from Table 1 show the average hardness of 1008 steel coupons is 85 HRB while that of 1045 steel is 99 HRB.<\/td>\n<td>Addition of carbon as an alloying element in ferrous alloys can create local nonuniformity in the lattice, which makes plastic deformation more difficult by impeding dislocation motion [1].<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Differences<\/th>\n<td>The writer\u2019s understanding (or main idea) to present to the audience.<\/td>\n<td>Original lab data as the primary sources, which you need to rely on when claiming.<\/td>\n<td>Logical connection between the claim and the evidence. Often, the secondary sources (other\u2019s data, ideas, and scholarship) can be used.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"builder-section-1622050989289\" class=\"row single gutter pad-top\">\n<div style=\"\" class=\"column one \">\n<div class=\"questionText\">\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Common Mistakes by Students<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Show student\u2019s feeling to strengthen the claims: \u201cThis lab is unsuccessful.\u201d \u201cI am glad the system works!\u201d \u201cData make sense.\u201d Note that engineers rarely use emotional appeals.<\/li>\n<li>Make claims without relevant evidence.<\/li>\n<li>Use of extreme (and subjective) adjectives to strengthen the claims: very, extremely, significantly, etc. Instead, use quantities to strengthen the claims (\u201cthe value was increased by 200%.\u201d \u201cthe average decreased more than half.\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2621\/2021\/05\/A-1LOG.pdf\">Download A1 Module<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>The most updated lab writing instructional modules are available: <a href=\"http:\/\/engineeringlabwriting.org\">engineeringlabwriting.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<p>This module is designed to assist engineering instructors in strengthening lab instruction materials so that students should be able to:<\/p>\n<p>Describe why engineers\u2019 appeals should be logical (logos) and ethical (ethos).<br \/> Define the three parts of a logical appeal: claim, evidence, and warrant (reasoning).<br \/> Use the logical appeal when analyzing and interpreting lab data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraphHeading\">Why Should Students Care About Rhetorical Strategies When Writing Engineering Lab Reports?<\/p>\n<p>Typically, the audience aims to learn a student\u2019s thoughts through reading lab data analysis and interpretation results. They &#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/sample-page\/a1-logical-appeals-claim-evidence-warrant\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"more-default\">&raquo; More &#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27370,"featured_media":0,"parent":2,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-builder.php","meta":[],"wsuwp_university_location":[],"wsuwp_university_org":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/293"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27370"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=293"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1290,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/293\/revisions\/1290"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wsuwp_university_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wsuwp_university_location?post=293"},{"taxonomy":"wsuwp_university_org","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labs.wsu.edu\/engineering-lab-report-writing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wsuwp_university_org?post=293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}