Publications
Monzingo*, D. S., J. G. Cook, R. C. Cook, J. S. Horne and L. A. Shipley. In press. Influences of succession and biogeoclimate on forage Resources for elk in Northern Idaho. Northwest Science (10/22).
Cook, R. C., L. A. Shipley, J. G. Cook, M. J. Camp, D. S. Monzingo*, S. L. Robatcek, S. L. Berry, I. T. Hull*, W. L. Myers, K. A. Denryter, and R. A. Long. 2022. Sequential detergent fiber assay
results used for nutritional ecology research: Evidence of bias since 2012. Wildlife Society Bulletin e1348.
Konôpka, B., V. Šebeň, J. Pajtík, and L. A. Shipley. 2022. Influence of tree species and size on bark browsing by large wild herbivores. Plants 11:2925, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212925.
Olsoy*, P. J., C. R. Milling*, J. D. Nobler*, M. J. Camp*, L. A. Shipley, J. S. Forbey, J. L. Rachlow, and D.H. Thornton. 2022. Multi-scale habitat selection by pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus
idahoensis) reveals differential selection of food quality, security, and thermal refuge in a sagebrush mosaic. Ecology and Evolution 12:e8892 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8892.
Monzingo*, D. S., L. A. Shipley, R. C. Cook, and J. G. Cook. 2022. Factors influencing predictions of understory vegetation biomass from visual cover estimates. Wildlife Society Bulletin 46:e1300, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1300.
Gowda, J. H., M. Blackhall, L. A. Shipley, T. Kitzberger, and F. Tiribelli. 2022. Are digestibility and flammability related? Two variables shaping landscape dynamics of Northwestern Patagonian forests. Forest Ecology and Management 503:119810.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119810
Robb*, B., P. J. Olsoy*, J. J. Mitchell, T. T. Caughlin*, D. M. Delparte, M. R. Fremgen-Tarantino, J. D. Nobler*, J. L. Rachlow, L. A. Shipley, and J. S. Forbey. 2021. Near-infrared spectroscopy aids ecological restoration by classifying variation of taxonomy and phenology of a native shrub.Restoration Ecology 30(5) e13584:, doi: 10.1111/rec.13584.
Staudenmaier*, A. R., L. A. Shipley, M. J. Camp, J. S. Forbey, A. E. Hagerman, A. E. Brandt**, and H. Thornton. 2021. Mule deer do more with less: comparing their nutritional requirements and tolerances with white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab116
Staudenmaier*, A. R., L. A. Shipley, A. Bibelnieks*, M.J. Camp, and D. H. Thornton. 2021. Habitat use and spatio-temporal interactions of mule and white-tailed deer in an area of sympatry in NE Washington. Ecosphere 12(11):e03813.
Konôpka, B., V. Šebeň, J. Pajtík, and L. A. Shipley. 2021. Excluding large wild herbivores reduced Norway spruce dominance and supported tree species richness in a young, naturally regenerated stand. Forests 12, 737, https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060737.
Ulappa*, A. C., L. A. Shipley, R. C. Cook, J. G. Cook, and M. E. Swanson. 2020. Silvicultural herbicides and forest succession influence understory vegetation and nutritional ecology of black-tailed deer in managed forests. Forest Ecology and Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118216
Merems*, J. L., L. A. Shipley, T. Levi, J. Ruprecht, D. A. Clark, M. J. Wisdom, N. J. Jackson, K. M. Stewart, and R. A. Long. 2020. Nutritional-landscape models link habitat use to condition of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8:98. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00098
Camp, M. J., L. A. Shipley, J. Varner, and B. D. Waterhouse. 2020. Activity patterns and foraging behavior of American pikas (Ochotona princeps) differ between Craters of the Moon and alpine talus in Idaho. Western North American Naturalist 80:49-69.
Olsoy*, P.J., J. S. Forbey, L. A. Shipley, J. L. Rachlow, B. C. Robb**, J. D. Nobler*, and D. H. Thornton. 2020. Mapping foodscapes and sagebrush morphotypes with unmanned aerial systems for multiple herbivores. Landscape Ecology 35:921-936.
Hull, I. T.*, L. A. Shipley, S. L. Berry*, C. Loggers, and T. R. Johnson. 2020. Effects of fuel reduction timber harvests on forage resources for deer in northeastern Washington. Forest Ecology and Management 458:117757
Konôpka, B., J. Pajtík, M. Bošeľa, Vladimír Šebeň, and L. A. Shipley. 2020. Modeling forage potential for red deer (Cervus elaphus) – a tree level approach. European Journal of Forest Research 139:419-430.
Shipley, L. A., R. C. Cook, and D. G. Hewitt. 2020. Techniques in wildlife nutritional ecology. Pages 439-482 in The wildlife techniques manual, 8th ed., Vol. 1, N. J. Silvy, ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Schrempp, T.*, J. L. Rachlow, T. R. Johnson, L. A. Shipley, R. Long, J. Aycrigg, and M. Hurley. 2019. Linking forest management to moose population trends: The role of the nutritional landscape. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219128
Berry, S. L.*, L. A. Shipley, R. A. Long and C. Loggers. 2019. Differences in dietary niche and foraging behavior by sympatric mule and white-tailed deer in Washington. Ecosphere 10:e02815.
Ebenhoch, K., D*. Thornton, L. A. Shipley, J. Manning, and K. White. 2019. Comparing population vital rates of resident and translocated greater sage-grouse in Yakima, WA. Journal of Wildlife Management 83:1314-1325.
Hull, I. T*., and L. A. Shipley. 2019. Testing the ability of airborne LiDAR to measure forage resources for wild ungulates in conifer forests. Journal of Forestry 117:492-503 https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz040 .
Nobler, J. D.*, M. J. Camp*, M. M. Crowell*, L. A. Shipley, C. Dadabay, J.L. Rachlow, L. James**, and S. Forbey. 2018. Preferences of specialist and generalist mammalian herbivores for mixtures versus individual plant secondary metabolites. Journal of Chemical Ecology https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-1030-5
Konôpka, B., J. Pajtík, and L. A. Shipley. 2018. Intensity of red deer browsing on young rowans differs between freshly-felled and standing individuals. Forest Ecology and Management 429:511-519.
Milling, C.R.*, J.L. Rachlow, P.J. Olsoy*, M.A. Chappell, T.R. Johnson, J.S. Forbey, L.A. Shipley, and D.H.Thornton. 2018. Habitat structure modifies microclimate: an approach for mapping fine-scale thermal heterogeneity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution (March 2018).
Crowell, M. M*., L. A. Shipley, J. S. Forbey, J. L. Rachlow, and R. G. Kelsey. 2018. Dietary partitioning of toxic leaves and fibrous stems differs between sympatric specialist and generalist mammalian herbivores. Journal of Mammalogy gyy018, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy018.
Milling*, C. R., J. L. Rachlow, M. A. Chappell, M. J. Camp*, T. R. Johnson, D. R. Paul, L. A. Shipley, and S. Forbey. 2018. Seasonal temperature acclimatization in a emi-fossorial mammal andthe role of burrows as thermal refugia. PeerJ 6:e4511; DOI 10.7717/peerj.4511.
Camp*, M. J., L. A. Shipley, C. R. Milling*, J. L. Rachlow, and J. S. Forbey. 2018. Both temperature and food quality influence foraging behavior and diets of small mammalian herbivores. Journal of Thermal Biology 71:83-90.
McMahon, L. A.*, J. L. Rachlow, L. A. Shipley, J. S. Forbey, and T. R. Johnson. 2017. Habitat selection differs across hierarchical behaviors: Selection of patches and intensity of patch use. Ecosphere 8(11):0.1993.
Olsoy, P, J.*, L. A. Shipley, J. L. Rachlow, J. S. Forbey, N. Glenn, M. Burgess, and D. Thornton. Unmanned aerial systems measure structural habitat features for wildlife acrossmultiple scales. Methods in Ecology and Evolution DOI:10.1111/2041-210X.12919.
Camp*, M. J., L. A. Shipley, T. R. Johnson, P. Olsoy*, J. S. Forbey, J. L. Rachlow, and D. Thornton. 2017. The balancing act of foraging: Mammalian herbivores trade-off multiple risks when selecting food patches. Oecologia 185:537-549, DOI 10.1007/500442-017-3957-6.
Milling*, C. R., J. L. Rachlow, T. R. Johnson, J. S. Forbey, and L. A. Shipley. 2017. Seasonalvariation in behavioral thermoregulation and predator avoidance in a small mammal. Behavioral Ecology 28:1236-1247.
Forbey, J. S., G. L. Patricelli, D. M. Delparte, A. H. Krakauer, P. J. Olsoy*, M. R. Fremgen*, J. D. Nobler*, L. P. Spaete, L. A. Shipley, J. L. Rachlow, A. K. Dirksen, A. Perry, B. A. Richardson, and N. F. Glenn. 2017. Emerging technology to measure habitat quality and behavior of grouse: examples from studies of greater sage-grouse. Wildlife Biology DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00238
McMahon*, L. A, J. L. Rachlow, L. A. Shipley, J. S. Forbey, T. R. Johnson, and P. J. Olsoy*. 2017. Evaluation of micro-GPS receivers for tracking small-bodied mammals. PloS ONE 12(3): e0173185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173185
King*, T. W., R. Salom-Pérez, L. A. Shipley, H. B. Quigley, and D. H. Thornton. 2017. Ocelot latrines: communication centers for Neotropical mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 98:106-113.
Olsoy*, P. J., T. G. Griggs, A. C. Ulappa*, K. Gehlken*, L. A. Shipley, and J. S. Forbey. 2016.Nutritional analysis of sagebrush by near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Arid Environments134:125-131.
Utz*, J. L., L. A. Shipley, J. L. Rachlow, T. L. Johnstone-Yellin, M. J. Camp*, and J.S. Forbey. 2016.Understanding tradeoffs between predation and food risks in a specialist mammalian herbivore.Wildlife Biology 22:167-173.
Crowell*, M. M., L. A. Shipley, M. J. Camp*, J. L. Rachlow, J. S. Forbey, and T. R.Johnson. 2016.Selection of food patches by sympatric herbivores in response to concealment and distance froma refuge. Ecology and Evolution DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1940.
Camp*, M. J., L. A. Shipley, T. R. Johnson, M. M. Crowell*, J. S. Forbey, and J. L. Rachlow. 2015.Modeling tradeoffs between plant fiber and toxins: A framework for quantifying risks perceived byforaging herbivores. Ecology. 96:3292-3302
Stonehouse*, K. F., L. A. Shipley, J. Lowe, M. T. Atamian, M. E. Swanson, and M. A. Schroeder. 2015.Habitat selection by sympatric greater sage-grouse and Columbian sharp-tailed grouse. Journalof Wildlife Management 79:1308-1326.
Olsoy*, P. J., J. S. Forbey, J. L. Rachlow, J. D. Nobler*, N. F. Glenn, and L. A. Shipley. 2015.Fearscapes: mapping functional properties of cover for prey with terrestrial LiDAR. Bioscience 65:74-80.
Rachlow, J. L., R. M. Peter**, L. A. Shipley, and T. R. Johnson. 2014. Sublethal effects of capture and collaring on wildlife: experimental and field evidence. Wildlife Society Bulletin 38:458-465.
Ulappa*, A. C., R. G. Kelsey, G. G. Frye*, J. L. Rachlow, L. A. Shipley, X. Pu, L. Bond, and J. Forbey. Plant protein and secondary metabolites influence diet selection in a mammalian specialist herbivore. Journal of Mammalogy 95:834-842.
Camp*, M. J., J. L. Rachlow, L. A. Shipley, T. R. Johnson, and K. D. Bockting. 2014. Grazing in Sagebrush rangelands in western North American: Implications for habitat quality for a sagebrush specialist, the pygmy rabbit. The Rangeland Journal 36:151-159.
Elias*, B. A., L. A. Shipley, S. McCusker, R. D. Sayler, and T. R. Johnson. 2013. Effects of genetic management on reproduction, growth, and survival in captive ndangered pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Journal of Mammalogy 94:1282-1292.
Ellsworth*, E., A. J. Wirsing, L. A. Shipley, and D. L. Murray. 2013. Do measures of plant intake and digestibility from captive feeding trials align with foraging patterns of free-ranging snowshoe hares? Wildlife Research 40:340-357.
Scarlata*, C. D., B. A. Elias, J. R. Godwin, R. A. Powell, D. Shepherdson, L. A. Shipley, and J. L. Brown. Influence of environmental conditions and facility on faecal glucocorticoid concentrations and in captive pygmy rabbits. Animal Welfare 22:357-368.
Cook*, R. C., J. G. Cook, D. J. Vales, B, K. Johnson, S. M. McCorquodale, L. A. Shipley, R. A. Riggs, L. Irwin, S. L. Murphie, B. L. Murphie, K. A. Schoenecker, F. Geyer, P. B. Hall, R. D. Spencer, D. Immell, D. H. Jackson, B. L. Tiller, P. J. Miller, and L. Schmitz. 2013. Regional and seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and reproduction in elk. Wildlife Monographs 184.
Wagoner*, S. J., L. A. Shipley, R. C. Cook*, and L. Hardesty. 2013 Spring cattle grazing and mule deer nutrition in a bluebunch wheatgrass community. Journal of Wildlife Management 77:897-907.
Camp*, M. J., B. A. Woods*, J. L. Rachlow, T. R. Johnson, and L. A. Shipley. 2013. Examining the functional components of cover: The relationship between concealment and visibility in shrub-steppe habitat. Ecosphere 4:1-14.
Camp*, M. J., J. L. Rachlow, B. A. Woods*, T. R. Johnson, and L. A. Shipley. 2012. When to run and when to hide: The influence of concealment, visibility, and proximity to refugia on perception of risk. Ethology 118:1010-1017.
Shipley, L. A., E. M. Davis, L. A. Felicetti, S. McClean, and J. S. Forbey. 2012. Mechanisms for eliminating monoterpenes of sagebrush by specialist and generalist rabbits. Journal of Chemical Ecology 38:1178-1189.
Scarlata*, C. D., B. A. Elias, J. R. Godwin, R. A. Powell, D. Shepherdson, L. A. Shipley and J. L. Brown. Relationship between fecal hormone concentrations and reproductive success in captive pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Journal of Mammalogy 93:759-770..
Scarlata*, C. D., B. A. Elias, J. R. Godwin, R. A. Powell, D. Shepherdson, L. A. Shipley and J. L. Brown. Characterizing gonadal and adrenal activity by fecal steroid analysis in pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). General and Comparative Endocrinology 171:373-380.
Tollefson*, T. L., L. A. Shipley, W. L. Myers, and N. Dasgupta. 2011. Forage quality’s influence on mule deer fawns. Journal of Wildlife Management 75:919-928.
McCusker*, S., L. A. Shipley, T. N. Tollefson*, M. Griffin, and E. A. Koutsos. 2011. Effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95: 489 – 498.
Dungan*,J. D., L. A. Shipley, and R. G. Wright. 2010. Activity patterns, foraging ecology and summer range carrying capacity of moose in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, Alces 46: 71-87.
Tollefson*, T. L., L. A. Shipley, W. L. Myers, D. H. Keisler, and N. Dasgupta. 2010. The influence of summer and autumn nutrition on body condition and reproduction in lactating mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 74:974-986.
Lopez-Perez, E., L. A. Shipley, and W. Myers. 2010. Blood selenium levels of mule deer in eastern Washington. Journal of Dairy Science 93:125-126.
Shipley, L. A. 2010. Fifty years of food and foraging in moose: Lessons in ecology from a model herbivore. Alces 46:1-13.
McClure, M. F., and L. A. Shipley. 2009. Animal response to nested self-similar patches: A test with woolly bears. Oikos 118:653-662.
Johnstone-Yellin*, T. L., L. A. Shipley, W. L. Myers, and H. S. Robinson*. 2009. To twin or not to twin? Tradeoffs in litter size and fawn survival in mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 90:453-460.
Shipley, L. A., J. S. Forbey, and B. D. Moore. 2009. Revisiting the dietary niche: when is a mammalian herbivore a specialist? Integrative and Comparative Biology 49:274-290.
Kendrick*, E., L. A. Shipley, A. E. Hagerman, and L. M. Kelly*. 2009. Fruit and fibre: The nutritional value of figs for a small tropical ruminant, the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola). Journal of African Ecology 47:556-566.
DeGabriel*, J. L., B. D. Moore, L. A. Shipley, A. K. Krockenberger, I. R. Wallis, C. N. Johnson, and W. J. Foley. 2009. Inter-population differences in the tolerance of a marsupial folivore to plant secondary metabolites. Oecologia 161:534-548.
Shipley, L. A. 2008. Pygmy rabbits in peril in the U.S.A. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/shipley.html
Thines*, N. J., L. A. Shipley, J. H. Bassman, J. R. Slusser, and W. Gao. 2008. UV-B effects on nutritional chemistry of plants and responses of a mammalian herbivore. Oecologia 156:125-135.
Shipley, L. A. 2007. The influence of bite size on foraging at larger spatial and temporal scales by mammalian herbivores. Oikos 116:1964-1974.
Robbins, C. T., J. K. Fortin*, K. D. Rode, S. D. Farley, and L. A. Shipley. 2007. Optimizing protein intake as a foraging strategy to maximize mass gain in an omnivore. Oikos 116:1675-1682.
Cook, R. C., T. R. Stephenson, W. L. Myers, J. G. Cook, and L. A. Shipley. 2007. Validating predictive models of nutritional condition for mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:1934-1943.
Thines*, N. J., L. A. Shipley, J. H. Bassman, J. K. Fellman, D. S. Mattison, and J. R. Slusser. 2007. Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on plant chemistry: Nutritional consequences for a specialist and generalist lagomorph.Journal of Chemical Ecology 33:1025-1039.
Shipley, L. A., T. B. Davila*, N. J. Thines*, and B. A. Elias*. 2006. Nutritional requirements and diet choices of the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis): A sagebrush specialist. Journal of Chemical Ecology 32:2455-2474.
Elias*, B. A., L. A. Shipley, R. D. Sayler and R. S. Lamson*. 2006. Mating behavior and parental care in captive pygmy rabbits. Journal of Mammalogy 87:921-928
Johnstone-Yellin*, T. L., L. A. Shipley, and W. L. Myers. 2006. Evaluating the performance of vaginal implant transmitters for capturing neonatal mule deer fawns. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:338-344.
Searle*, K., T. Vandervelde*, N. T. Hobbs, L. A. Shipley, and B. A. Wunder. 2006. Spatial context influences patch residence time in foraging hierarchies. Oecologia 148:710-719.
Searle*, K., N. T. Hobbs, B. A. Wunder, and L. A. Shipley. 2006. Preferences in a patchy landscapes: the influence of scale-specific intake rates and variance in reward. Behavioral Ecology 17:315-323.
Searle*, K. R., N. T. Hobbs, and L. A. Shipley. 2005. Should I stay or should I go? Patch departure decisions by herbivores at multiple scales.Oikos 111:417-424.
Searle*, K. R., T. Vandervelde*, N. T. Hobbs, and L. A. Shipley. 2005. Gain functions for large herbivores: tests of alternative models. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:181-189.
Thines* N. J., L. A. Shipley, and R. D. Sayler. 2004. Effects of cattle grazing on ecology and habitat of Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Biological Conservation 119:525-534.
Sponheimer, M., T. Robinson, L. Ayliffe, B. Passey, B. Roeder, L. Shipley, E. Lopez*, T. Cerling, D. Dearing* and J. Ehleringer. 2003. An experimental study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:871-
Felicetti*, L.A., C.T. Robbins, and L.A. Shipley. 2003. Dietary protein content alters energy expenditure and composition of the gain in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76:256-261.
Hobbs, N. T., J. E. Gross, L. A. Shipley, D. E. Spalinger, and Wunder. 2003. Herbivore functional response in heterogeneous environments: A contest among models. Ecology 84:666-681
Shipley, L. A., and L. A. Felicetti*. 2002. Nitrogen and fiber digestibility of natural forages by blue duikers. Zoo Biology 21:123-134.
Nolte, D., L. A. Shipley, and J. Schafer. 2001. Evaluating Wolfin as a repellent to deer on roads in Washington. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 16:182-186.
Fletcher*, J. D., L. A. Shipley, W. J. McShea, and D. L. Shumway. 2001. Wildlife herbivory and rare plants: The effects of white-tailed deer, rodents, and insects on growth and survival of Turk’s cap lily. Biological Conservation 101:229-238.
Rode*, K. D., C. T. Robbins, L. A. Shipley, and T. A. Hanley. 2001. The constraints on herbivory by grizzly bears. Oecologia 128:62-71.
Fletcher*, J. D., W. J. McShea, L. A. Shipley, and D. Shumway. 2001. The utility of using common forest forbs to measure browsing pressure by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Natural Areas Journal 54:413-419.
Laca, E., L. A. Shipley, and E. Reid*. 2001. Structural anti-quality characteristics of range and pasture plants. Journal of Range Management 54:413-419.
Felicetti*, L. A., L. A. Shipley, G. Witmer, and C. T. Robbins. 2000. Digestive strategies of North American porcupines: Nitrogen, dry matter, and energy digestibility of natural forages. Biochemical and Physiological Zoology 73:772-780.
Burton*, N. M., L. A. Shipley, K. Byrne, J. Vierck, and M. V. Dodson. 2000. Isolation and culture characterization of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) satellite cells. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80:303-309.
Brown, W. K., W. K. Hall, L. R. Linton, R. E. Huenefeld*, and L. A. Shipley. 2000.The repellency of 3 compounds to caribou. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:365-371.
Wenninger*, P. S., and L. A. Shipley. 2000. A comparison of harvesting, rumination, digestion,rumination, and passage on fruit, forb, and leaf diets by blue duikers. Oecologia. 123:466-474.
Shipley, L. A., A. W. Illius, K. Danell, N. T. Hobbs, and D. E. Spalinger. 1999. Predicting bite size selection of mammalian herbivores: a test of a general model of diet optimization. Oikos 84:55-
Shipley, L. A., S. Blomquist*, and K. Danell. 1998. Diet choices by free-ranging moose in relation to plant distribution, chemistry, and morphology in northern Sweden. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1722-1733.
Spalinger, D. E., S. M. Cooper, D. Martin, and L. A. Shipley*. 1997. Is social learning an important influence on foraging behavior in white-tailed deer? Journal of Wildlife Management 61:611-621.
Shipley*, L. A., D. E. Spalinger, J. E. Gross, N. T. Hobbs, and B. A. Wunder. 1996. The dynamics and scaling of foraging velocity and encounter rate in mammalian herbivores. Functional Ecology 10:234-244.
Shipley*, L. A., and D. E. Spalinger. 1995. Influence of size and density of browse patches on intake rates and foraging decisions of young moose and white-tailed deer. Oecologia 104:112-121.
Shipley*, L. A., J. E. Gross, D. E. Spalinger, N. T. Hobbs, and B. A. Wunder. 1994. The scaling of intake rate of mammalian herbivores. American Naturalist 143:1055-1082.
Gross, J. E., L. A. Shipley*, N. T. Hobbs, D. E. Spalinger, and B. A. Wunder. 1993. Functional response of herbivores in food-concentrated patches: tests of a mechanistic model. Ecology 74: 778-791.
Shipley*, L. A., and D. E. Spalinger. 1992. Mechanics of browsing in dense food patches: effects of plant and animal morphology on intake rate. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1743-1752.